उपनिषद् · Varāha 1.14
॥
देवनागरी
दिग्वातार्कप्रचेतोऽश्विवह्नीन्द्रोपेन्द्रमृत्युकाः । तथा चन्द्रश्चतुर्वक्त्रो रुद्रः क्षेत्रज्ञ ईश्वरः
लिप्यंतरण (IAST)
digvātārkapraceto'śvivahnīndropendramṛtyukāḥ | tathā candraścaturvaktro rudraḥ kṣetrajña īśvaraḥ
शब्दशः अर्थ
संस्कृतIASTअर्थ
दिश्-वात-अर्क-प्रचेतः-अश्वि-diś-vāta-arka-pracetaḥ-aśvi-the quarters, wind, sun, Varuna, the Ashvins
वह्नि-इन्द्र-उपेन्द्र-मृत्युकाःvahni-indra-upendra-mṛtyukāḥfire, Indra, Upendra, death
तथा चन्द्रः चतुः-वक्त्रःtathā candraḥ catuḥ-vaktraḥand likewise the moon, the four-faced one
रुद्रः क्षेत्र-ज्ञः ईश्वरःrudraḥ kṣetra-jñaḥ īśvaraḥRudra, the knower of the field, the Lord
अनुवाद
"The quarters of the sky, wind, sun, Varuna, the Ashvins, fire, Indra, Upendra, death, and the moon, the Four-Faced One, Rudra, the knower of the field, and the Lord."
संस्करण
4f3c614eaa03 · प्रकाशित 12 अग॰ 2026, 5:00:00 am UTC
उपलब्ध भाषाएँRUENश्लोक बदलें इन कुंजियों से
Fourteen overseeing deities are listed, and at the end two are named that deserve special note: kshetrajna and ishvara. Kshetrajna means "the knower of the field"; ishvara — "the Lord." It is worth saying where the first comes from, for it is a technical word of the Gita.
The thirteenth chapter of the Gita begins thus: "this body, O son of Kunti, is called the field; the knowers call one who knows it the knower of the field" (13.1). And a few verses on is added the point of the whole chapter: kshetrajnam chapi mam viddhi sarva-kshetreshu bharata, "know Me too as the knower of the field in all fields, O descendant of Bharata" (13.2). Here it is worth pausing, for this verse is one of the decisive ones in the dispute.
It is said: the knowers of the field are two. There is the one who knows his own field — the soul; and there is the One who knows all fields — Him. And both are called by the same word; but distinguished by the addition sarva-kshetreshu, "in all fields."
Worth noting is that the list here names them separately: kshetrajna and ishvara stand as two distinct first principles. That is, even this book, for all its abstract counting, distinguishes two; and this distinction is, in my view, the best testimony in its first chapter.