These eight, O king, are in the world of men the marks of heaven. Of the eight (named below), four are inseparably bound to virtue, and virtue always follows the other four. The first four, inseparably bound to virtue, are sacrifice, giving, study, and austerity, while the remaining four, which virtue always follows, are self-restraint, truth, simplicity, and abstention from harming any being. 'Sacrifice, study, charity, austerity, truth, forgiveness, compassion, and contentment make up eight distinct paths of righteousness. The first four of these may be practiced from motives of pride, but the last four can exist only in those who are truly noble. That is no assembly where there are no elders, and they are no elders who do not declare what righteousness is. That is no righteousness which is severed from truth, nor is that truth which is fraught with deceit. Truth, beauty, knowledge of the scriptures, learning, noble birth, good conduct, strength, wealth, valor, and skill in varied speech — these ten have a heavenly origin.