奥义书 Praśna 4.8

Praśna UpaniṣadPraśna 4.8

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奥义书 · Praśna 4.8

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पृथिवी च पृथिवीमात्रा च ।
आपश् चापोमात्रा च ।
तेजश् च तेजोमात्रा च ।
वायुश् च वायुमात्रा च ।
आकाशश् चाकाशमात्रा च ।
चक्षुश् च द्रष्टव्यं च ।
श्रोत्रं च श्रोतव्यं च ।
घ्राणं च घ्रातव्यं च ।
रसश् च रसयितव्यं च ।
त्वक् च स्पर्शयितव्यं च ।
वाक् च वक्तव्यं च ।
हस्तौ चादातव्यं च ।
उपस्थश् चानन्दयितव्यं च ।
पायुश् च विसर्जयितव्यं च ।
पादौ च गन्तव्यं च ।
मनश् च मन्तव्यं च ।
बुद्धिश् च बोद्धव्यं च ।
अहङ्कारश् चाहङ्कर्तव्यं च ।
चित्तं च चेतयितव्यं च ।
तेजश् च विद्योतयितव्यं च ।
प्राणश् च विधारयितव्यं च

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पृथिवी चpṛthivī caearth and; the earthly element

पृथिवीमात्रा चpṛthivīmātrā caand the essence of earth (pṛthivī-mātrā — the subtle essence); and the 'measure' of earth; and the subtle principle of earth

आपः चāpaḥ cathe waters and; the water element

अपोमात्रा चapomātrā caand the measure of water; and subtle water

तेजः चtejaḥ cafire and; the element of light

तेजोमात्रा चtejomātrā caand the measure of fire; and subtle light

वायुः चvāyuḥ cawind and; the air element

वायुमात्रा चvāyumātrā caand the measure of wind; and subtle air

आकाशः चākāśaḥ caspace and; ether

आकाशमात्रा चākāśamātrā caand the measure of space; and the subtle ether

चक्षुः चcakṣuḥ cathe eye and; sight

द्रष्टव्यम् चdraṣṭavyam caand the visible (draṣṭavya — 'what is to be seen'); and what is seen; and the object of sight

श्रोत्रम् चśrotram cahearing and; hearing

श्रोतव्यम् चśrotavyam caand the audible; that which is to be heard

घ्राणम् चghrāṇam casmell and; the nose

घ्रातव्यम् चghrātavyam caand the smellable; that which is to be smelled

रसः चrasaḥ cataste and; the sap

रसयितव्यम् चrasayitavyam caand the tastable; that which is to be tasted

त्वक् चtvak cathe skin and; touch

स्पर्शयितव्यम् चsparśayitavyam caand the tangible; that which is touched

वाक् चvāk caspeech and; the word

वक्तव्यम् चvaktavyam caand the utterable; that which is to be spoken

हस्तौ चhastau cathe hands and; the two hands

आदातव्यम् चādātavyam caand the graspable; that which is to be taken

उपस्थः चupasthaḥ cathe organ of generation and; the organ of pleasure

आनन्दयितव्यम् चānandayitavyam caand the enjoyable; that in which one delights

पायुः चpāyuḥ cathe anus and; the organ of excretion

विसर्जयितव्यम् चvisarjayitavyam caand the excretable; that which is to be voided

पादौ चpādau cathe feet and; the two feet

गन्तव्यम् चgantavyam caand the goal to be reached; that whither one is to go

मनः चmanaḥ cathe mind and; manas

मन्तव्यम् चmantavyam caand the thinkable; that which is to be thought

बुद्धिः चbuddhiḥ cathe intellect and; buddhi

बोद्धव्यम् चboddhavyam caand the knowable; that which is to be understood

अहङ्कारः चahaṅkāraḥ caand the ego (ahaṅkāra — 'the maker of 'I''); and the I-sense; and the ego-function

अहङ्कर्तव्यम् चahaṅkartavyam caand what the ego appropriates; and that of which 'I' and 'mine' are said; and the object of egoity

चित्तम् चcittam caand consciousness (citta); and the citta; and the field of awareness

चेतयितव्यम् चcetayitavyam caand the conscious object; and what is made conscious; and what is being cognized

तेजः चtejaḥ caradiance and; the light

विद्योतयितव्यम् चvidyotayitavyam caand the illuminable; that which is to be made manifest

प्राणः चprāṇaḥ caprāṇa and; vital force

विधारयितव्यम् चvidhārayitavyam caand what is to be upheld; that which is to be held together

译文

"Earth and the essence of earth, water and the essence of water, fire and the essence of fire, wind and the essence of wind, space and the essence of space; sight and the visible, hearing and the audible, smell and the smellable, taste and the tastable, skin and the tangible; speech and the utterable, the hands and the graspable, the generative organ and the enjoyable, excretion and the excretable, the feet and the traversable; mind and the thinkable, intellect and the knowable, ego and what it appropriates, consciousness and the conscious object, light and the illuminable, prāṇa and what is upheld — [all this is established in the supreme Ātman]."

注释

The census of the returning "birds" — a complete inventory of creation in twenty-one pairs. The five elements with their subtle essences (mātrā — "measure", the subtle essence: earth and "earthiness"…); the five senses with their objects (eye and the visible…); the five powers of action with their fields (speech and the utterable, hands and the graspable…); and the inner order: mind and the thinkable, buddhi and the knowable, ahaṅkāra and what it appropriates (the "I"-saying ego — and everything of which it says "mine"!), citta and the conscious object, teja and the illuminable, prāṇa and what is upheld.

The construction of the list is itself the lesson: everything goes in pairs, "organ — object". The world is given not as a warehouse of things but as a fabric of relations: sight exists for the visible, the visible for sight; the subject-thread and the object-thread are interwoven. And this whole double fabric entire — instruments and readings alike, and the very ego with its appropriations — is "established in the supreme Ātman": both threads are held by a Third, who is not a thread but the Ground.

Especially bold is the inclusion of the ahaṅkāra in the list: even the "I"-sense is a bird come to roost, a created function, not the ultimate master. He who in deep sleep lays even that at the foot of the Ātman believes in vain, come morning, that "I myself" am the foundation of my life: the foundation is He in whom this "I" nightly lodges. One question remains: who then is the seer that uses all this fabric? Verse 50 will name him — and assign him his place.

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753251415378 · 发布于 2026年7月26日 20:35:21 UTC

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