Upanishads · Mahā 2.44
॥
Devanāgarī
हर्षामर्षभयक्रोधकामकार्पण्यदृष्टिभिः न परामृश्यते योऽन्तः स जीवन्मुक्त उच्यते
Transliteration (IAST)
harṣāmarṣabhayakrodhakāmakārpaṇyadṛṣṭibhiḥ na parāmṛśyate yo'ntaḥ sa jīvanmukta ucyate
Word-by-word
SanskritIASTMeaning
हर्ष-अमर्ष-भय-क्रोधharṣa-amarṣa-bhaya-krodhaby exultation, impatience, fear, wrath; by rapture, vexation, dread, fury
काम-कार्पण्य-दृष्टिभिःkāma-kārpaṇya-dṛṣṭibhiḥby desire, by the pauper's outlook; by craving and by beggarliness of view
न परामृश्यते यः अन्तःna parāmṛśyate yaḥ antaḥwho is not touched within; who inwardly is not gripped by them
सः जीवन्मुक्तः उच्यतेsaḥ jīvanmuktaḥ ucyatehe is called liberated while living; he is named free while yet alive
Translation
“Whom exultation, impatience, fear, wrath, desire and beggarliness of outlook do not touch within — he is called liberated while living.”
Version
642d8831e4c3 · published Jul 29, 2026, 6:29:20 AM UTC
Available inRUENPage between verses with
The third mark — of the inner changes, and their list is given by name.
Six: rapture, vexation, fear, wrath, craving and kārpaṇya — “miserliness, beggarliness”, the outlook of a man who counts himself small and short-changed.
The last deserves a separate word, for in a list of passions it looks alien. Yet precisely kārpaṇya is the root of the rest. He who fancies himself short-changed is the one who craves, and fears, and rages.
The verb na parāmṛśyate means “is not touched, gripped, seized”. Not “does not experience”, but “is not taken by them”.
And the qualifier antaḥ — “within”. Outwardly a man may even flare up; the question is whether it took him from inside.